summaryrefslogtreecommitdiffstats
path: root/fs/ecryptfs/inode.c
blob: 5a05559cb23de68a3de4ec24af143a722c0900f3 (plain)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
/**
 * eCryptfs: Linux filesystem encryption layer
 *
 * Copyright (C) 1997-2004 Erez Zadok
 * Copyright (C) 2001-2004 Stony Brook University
 * Copyright (C) 2004-2007 International Business Machines Corp.
 *   Author(s): Michael A. Halcrow <mahalcro@us.ibm.com>
 *              Michael C. Thompsion <mcthomps@us.ibm.com>
 *
 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
 * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
 * published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the
 * License, or (at your option) any later version.
 *
 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
 * WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
 * General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
 * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA
 * 02111-1307, USA.
 */

#include <linux/file.h>
#include <linux/vmalloc.h>
#include <linux/pagemap.h>
#include <linux/dcache.h>
#include <linux/namei.h>
#include <linux/mount.h>
#include <linux/crypto.h>
#include <linux/fs_stack.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/xattr.h>
#include <asm/unaligned.h>
#include "ecryptfs_kernel.h"

static struct dentry *lock_parent(struct dentry *dentry)
{
	struct dentry *dir;

	dir = dget_parent(dentry);
	mutex_lock_nested(&(d_inode(dir)->i_mutex), I_MUTEX_PARENT);
	return dir;
}

static void unlock_dir(struct dentry *dir)
{
	mutex_unlock(&d_inode(dir)->i_mutex);
	dput(dir);
}

static int ecryptfs_inode_test(struct inode *inode, void *lower_inode)
{
	return ecryptfs_inode_to_lower(inode) == lower_inode;
}

static int ecryptfs_inode_set(struct inode *inode, void *opaque)
{
	struct inode *lower_inode = opaque;

	ecryptfs_set_inode_lower(inode, lower_inode);
	fsstack_copy_attr_all(inode, lower_inode);
	/* i_size will be overwritten for encrypted regular files */
	fsstack_copy_inode_size(inode, lower_inode);
	inode->i_ino = lower_inode->i_ino;
	inode->i_version++;
	inode->i_mapping->a_ops = &ecryptfs_aops;

	if (S_ISLNK(inode->i_mode))
		inode->i_op = &ecryptfs_symlink_iops;
	else if (S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode))
		inode->i_op = &ecryptfs_dir_iops;
	else
		inode->i_op = &ecryptfs_main_iops;

	if (S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode))
		inode->i_fop = &ecryptfs_dir_fops;
	else if (special_file(inode->i_mode))
		init_special_inode(inode, inode->i_mode, inode->i_rdev);
	else
		inode->i_fop = &ecryptfs_main_fops;

	return 0;
}

static struct inode *__ecryptfs_get_inode(struct inode *lower_inode,
					  struct super_block *sb)
{
	struct inode *inode;

	if (lower_inode->i_sb != ecryptfs_superblock_to_lower(sb))
		return ERR_PTR(-EXDEV);
	if (!igrab(lower_inode))
		return ERR_PTR(-ESTALE);
	inode = iget5_locked(sb, (unsigned long)lower_inode,
			     ecryptfs_inode_test, ecryptfs_inode_set,
			     lower_inode);
	if (!inode) {
		iput(lower_inode);
		return ERR_PTR(-EACCES);
	}
	if (!(inode->i_state & I_NEW))
		iput(lower_inode);

	return inode;
}

struct inode *ecryptfs_get_inode(struct inode *lower_inode,
				 struct super_block *sb)
{
	struct inode *inode = __ecryptfs_get_inode(lower_inode, sb);

	if (!IS_ERR(inode) && (inode->i_state & I_NEW))
		unlock_new_inode(inode);

	return inode;
}

/**
 * ecryptfs_interpose
 * @lower_dentry: Existing dentry in the lower filesystem
 * @dentry: ecryptfs' dentry
 * @sb: ecryptfs's super_block
 *
 * Interposes upper and lower dentries.
 *
 * Returns zero on success; non-zero otherwise
 */
static int ecryptfs_interpose(struct dentry *lower_dentry,
			      struct dentry *dentry, struct super_block *sb)
{
	struct inode *inode = ecryptfs_get_inode(d_inode(lower_dentry), sb);

	if (IS_ERR(inode))
		return PTR_ERR(inode);
	d_instantiate(dentry, inode);

	return 0;
}

static int ecryptfs_do_unlink(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry,
			      struct inode *inode)
{
	struct dentry *lower_dentry = ecryptfs_dentry_to_lower(dentry);
	struct inode *lower_dir_inode = ecryptfs_inode_to_lower(dir);
	struct dentry *lower_dir_dentry;
	int rc;

	dget(lower_dentry);
	lower_dir_dentry = lock_parent(lower_dentry);
	rc = vfs_unlink(lower_dir_inode, lower_dentry, NULL);
	if (rc) {
		printk(KERN_ERR "Error in vfs_unlink; rc = [%d]\n", rc);
		goto out_unlock;
	}
	fsstack_copy_attr_times(dir, lower_dir_inode);
	set_nlink(inode, ecryptfs_inode_to_lower(inode)->i_nlink);
	inode->i_ctime = dir->i_ctime;
	d_drop(dentry);
out_unlock:
	unlock_dir(lower_dir_dentry);
	dput(lower_dentry);
	return rc;
}

/**
 * ecryptfs_do_create
 * @directory_inode: inode of the new file's dentry's parent in ecryptfs
 * @ecryptfs_dentry: New file's dentry in ecryptfs
 * @mode: The mode of the new file
 *
 * Creates the underlying file and the eCryptfs inode which will link to
 * it. It will also update the eCryptfs directory inode to mimic the
 * stat of the lower directory inode.
 *
 * Returns the new eCryptfs inode on success; an ERR_PTR on error condition
 */
static struct inode *
ecryptfs_do_create(struct inode *directory_inode,
		   struct dentry *ecryptfs_dentry, umode_t mode)
{
	int rc;
	struct dentry *lower_dentry;
	struct dentry *lower_dir_dentry;
	struct inode *inode;

	lower_dentry = ecryptfs_dentry_to_lower(ecryptfs_dentry);
	lower_dir_dentry = lock_parent(lower_dentry);
	rc = vfs_create(d_inode(lower_dir_dentry), lower_dentry, mode, true);
	if (rc) {
		printk(KERN_ERR "%s: Failure to create dentry in lower fs; "
		       "rc = [%d]\n", __func__, rc);
		inode = ERR_PTR(rc);
		goto out_lock;
	}
	inode = __ecryptfs_get_inode(d_inode(lower_dentry),
				     directory_inode->i_sb);
	if (IS_ERR(inode)) {
		vfs_unlink(d_inode(lower_dir_dentry), lower_dentry, NULL);
		goto out_lock;
	}
	fsstack_copy_attr_times(directory_inode, d_inode(lower_dir_dentry));
	fsstack_copy_inode_size(directory_inode, d_inode(lower_dir_dentry));
out_lock:
	unlock_dir(lower_dir_dentry);
	return inode;
}

/**
 * ecryptfs_initialize_file
 *
 * Cause the file to be changed from a basic empty file to an ecryptfs
 * file with a header and first data page.
 *
 * Returns zero on success
 */
int ecryptfs_initialize_file(struct dentry *ecryptfs_dentry,
			     struct inode *ecryptfs_inode)
{
	struct ecryptfs_crypt_stat *crypt_stat =
		&ecryptfs_inode_to_private(ecryptfs_inode)->crypt_stat;
	int rc = 0;

	if (S_ISDIR(ecryptfs_inode->i_mode)) {
		ecryptfs_printk(KERN_DEBUG, "This is a directory\n");
		crypt_stat->flags &= ~(ECRYPTFS_ENCRYPTED);
		goto out;
	}
	ecryptfs_printk(KERN_DEBUG, "Initializing crypto context\n");
	rc = ecryptfs_new_file_context(ecryptfs_inode);
	if (rc) {
		ecryptfs_printk(KERN_ERR, "Error creating new file "
				"context; rc = [%d]\n", rc);
		goto out;
	}
	rc = ecryptfs_get_lower_file(ecryptfs_dentry, ecryptfs_inode);
	if (rc) {
		printk(KERN_ERR "%s: Error attempting to initialize "
			"the lower file for the dentry with name "
			"[%pd]; rc = [%d]\n", __func__,
			ecryptfs_dentry, rc);
		goto out;
	}
	rc = ecryptfs_write_metadata(ecryptfs_dentry, ecryptfs_inode);
	if (rc)
		printk(KERN_ERR "Error writing headers; rc = [%d]\n", rc);
	ecryptfs_put_lower_file(ecryptfs_inode);
out:
	return rc;
}

/**
 * ecryptfs_create
 * @dir: The inode of the directory in which to create the file.
 * @dentry: The eCryptfs dentry
 * @mode: The mode of the new file.
 *
 * Creates a new file.
 *
 * Returns zero on success; non-zero on error condition
 */
static int
ecryptfs_create(struct inode *directory_inode, struct dentry *ecryptfs_dentry,
		umode_t mode, bool excl)
{
	struct inode *ecryptfs_inode;
	int rc;

	ecryptfs_inode = ecryptfs_do_create(directory_inode, ecryptfs_dentry,
					    mode);
	if (IS_ERR(ecryptfs_inode)) {
		ecryptfs_printk(KERN_WARNING, "Failed to create file in"
				"lower filesystem\n");
		rc = PTR_ERR(ecryptfs_inode);
		goto out;
	}
	/* At this point, a file exists on "disk"; we need to make sure
	 * that this on disk file is prepared to be an ecryptfs file */
	rc = ecryptfs_initialize_file(ecryptfs_dentry, ecryptfs_inode);
	if (rc) {
		ecryptfs_do_unlink(directory_inode, ecryptfs_dentry,
				   ecryptfs_inode);
		make_bad_inode(ecryptfs_inode);
		unlock_new_inode(ecryptfs_inode);
		iput(ecryptfs_inode);
		goto out;
	}
	unlock_new_inode(ecryptfs_inode);
	d_instantiate(ecryptfs_dentry, ecryptfs_inode);
out:
	return rc;
}

static int ecryptfs_i_size_read(struct dentry *dentry, struct inode *inode)
{
	struct ecryptfs_crypt_stat *crypt_stat;
	int rc;

	rc = ecryptfs_get_lower_file(dentry, inode);
	if (rc) {
		printk(KERN_ERR "%s: Error attempting to initialize "
			"the lower file for the dentry with name "
			"[%pd]; rc = [%d]\n", __func__,
			dentry, rc);
		return rc;
	}

	crypt_stat = &ecryptfs_inode_to_private(inode)->crypt_stat;
	/* TODO: lock for crypt_stat comparison */
	if (!(crypt_stat->flags & ECRYPTFS_POLICY_APPLIED))
		ecryptfs_set_default_sizes(crypt_stat);

	rc = ecryptfs_read_and_validate_header_region(inode);
	ecryptfs_put_lower_file(inode);
	if (rc) {
		rc = ecryptfs_read_and_validate_xattr_region(dentry, inode);
		if (!rc)
			crypt_stat->flags |= ECRYPTFS_METADATA_IN_XATTR;
	}

	/* Must return 0 to allow non-eCryptfs files to be looked up, too */
	return 0;
}

/**
 * ecryptfs_lookup_interpose - Dentry interposition for a lookup
 */
static int ecryptfs_lookup_interpose(struct dentry *dentry,
				     struct dentry *lower_dentry,
				     struct inode *dir_inode)
{
	struct inode *inode, *lower_inode = d_inode(lower_dentry);
	struct ecryptfs_dentry_info *dentry_info;
	struct vfsmount *lower_mnt;
	int rc = 0;

	dentry_info = kmem_cache_alloc(ecryptfs_dentry_info_cache, GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!dentry_info) {
		printk(KERN_ERR "%s: Out of memory whilst attempting "
		       "to allocate ecryptfs_dentry_info struct\n",
			__func__);
		dput(lower_dentry);
		return -ENOMEM;
	}

	lower_mnt = mntget(ecryptfs_dentry_to_lower_mnt(dentry->d_parent));
	fsstack_copy_attr_atime(dir_inode, d_inode(lower_dentry->d_parent));
	BUG_ON(!d_count(lower_dentry));

	ecryptfs_set_dentry_private(dentry, dentry_info);
	dentry_info->lower_path.mnt = lower_mnt;
	dentry_info->lower_path.dentry = lower_dentry;

	if (d_really_is_negative(lower_dentry)) {
		/* We want to add because we couldn't find in lower */
		d_add(dentry, NULL);
		return 0;
	}
	inode = __ecryptfs_get_inode(lower_inode, dir_inode->i_sb);
	if (IS_ERR(inode)) {
		printk(KERN_ERR "%s: Error interposing; rc = [%ld]\n",
		       __func__, PTR_ERR(inode));
		return PTR_ERR(inode);
	}
	if (S_ISREG(inode->i_mode)) {
		rc = ecryptfs_i_size_read(dentry, inode);
		if (rc) {
			make_bad_inode(inode);
			return rc;
		}
	}

	if (inode->i_state & I_NEW)
		unlock_new_inode(inode);
	d_add(dentry, inode);

	return rc;
}

/**
 * ecryptfs_lookup
 * @ecryptfs_dir_inode: The eCryptfs directory inode
 * @ecryptfs_dentry: The eCryptfs dentry that we are looking up
 * @flags: lookup flags
 *
 * Find a file on disk. If the file does not exist, then we'll add it to the
 * dentry cache and continue on to read it from the disk.
 */
static struct dentry *ecryptfs_lookup(struct inode *ecryptfs_dir_inode,
				      struct dentry *ecryptfs_dentry,
				      unsigned int flags)
{
	char *encrypted_and_encoded_name = NULL;
	size_t encrypted_and_encoded_name_size;
	struct ecryptfs_mount_crypt_stat *mount_crypt_stat = NULL;
	struct dentry *lower_dir_dentry, *lower_dentry;
	int rc = 0;

	lower_dir_dentry = ecryptfs_dentry_to_lower(ecryptfs_dentry->d_parent);
	mutex_lock(&d_inode(lower_dir_dentry)->i_mutex);
	lower_dentry = lookup_one_len(ecryptfs_dentry->d_name.name,
				      lower_dir_dentry,
				      ecryptfs_dentry->d_name.len);
	mutex_unlock(&d_inode(lower_dir_dentry)->i_mutex);
	if (IS_ERR(lower_dentry)) {
		rc = PTR_ERR(lower_dentry);
		ecryptfs_printk(KERN_DEBUG, "%s: lookup_one_len() returned "
				"[%d] on lower_dentry = [%pd]\n", __func__, rc,
				ecryptfs_dentry);
		goto out;
	}
	if (d_really_is_positive(lower_dentry))
		goto interpose;
	mount_crypt_stat = &ecryptfs_superblock_to_private(
				ecryptfs_dentry->d_sb)->mount_crypt_stat;
	if (!(mount_crypt_stat
	    && (mount_crypt_stat->flags & ECRYPTFS_GLOBAL_ENCRYPT_FILENAMES)))
		goto interpose;
	dput(lower_dentry);
	rc = ecryptfs_encrypt_and_encode_filename(
		&encrypted_and_encoded_name, &encrypted_and_encoded_name_size,
		NULL, mount_crypt_stat, ecryptfs_dentry->d_name.name,
		ecryptfs_dentry->d_name.len);
	if (rc) {
		printk(KERN_ERR "%s: Error attempting to encrypt and encode "
		       "filename; rc = [%d]\n", __func__, rc);
		goto out;
	}
	mutex_lock(&d_inode(lower_dir_dentry)->i_mutex);
	lower_dentry = lookup_one_len(encrypted_and_encoded_name,
				      lower_dir_dentry,
				      encrypted_and_encoded_name_size);
	mutex_unlock(&d_inode(lower_dir_dentry)->i_mutex);
	if (IS_ERR(lower_dentry)) {
		rc = PTR_ERR(lower_dentry);
		ecryptfs_printk(KERN_DEBUG, "%s: lookup_one_len() returned "
				"[%d] on lower_dentry = [%s]\n", __func__, rc,
				encrypted_and_encoded_name);
		goto out;
	}
interpose:
	rc = ecryptfs_lookup_interpose(ecryptfs_dentry, lower_dentry,
				       ecryptfs_dir_inode);
out:
	kfree(encrypted_and_encoded_name);
	return ERR_PTR(rc);
}

static int ecryptfs_link(struct dentry *old_dentry, struct inode *dir,
			 struct dentry *new_dentry)
{
	struct dentry *lower_old_dentry;
	struct dentry *lower_new_dentry;
	struct dentry *lower_dir_dentry;
	u64 file_size_save;
	int rc;

	file_size_save = i_size_read(d_inode(old_dentry));
	lower_old_dentry = ecryptfs_dentry_to_lower(old_dentry);
	lower_new_dentry = ecryptfs_dentry_to_lower(new_dentry);
	dget(lower_old_dentry);
	dget(lower_new_dentry);
	lower_dir_dentry = lock_parent(lower_new_dentry);
	rc = vfs_link(lower_old_dentry, d_inode(lower_dir_dentry),
		      lower_new_dentry, NULL);
	if (rc || d_really_is_negative(lower_new_dentry))
		goto out_lock;
	rc = ecryptfs_interpose(lower_new_dentry, new_dentry, dir->i_sb);
	if (rc)
		goto out_lock;
	fsstack_copy_attr_times(dir, d_inode(lower_dir_dentry));
	fsstack_copy_inode_size(dir, d_inode(lower_dir_dentry));
	set_nlink(d_inode(old_dentry),
		  ecryptfs_inode_to_lower(d_inode(old_dentry))->i_nlink);
	i_size_write(d_inode(new_dentry), file_size_save);
out_lock:
	unlock_dir(lower_dir_dentry);
	dput(lower_new_dentry);
	dput(lower_old_dentry);
	return rc;
}

static int ecryptfs_unlink(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry)
{
	return ecryptfs_do_unlink(dir, dentry, d_inode(dentry));
}

static int ecryptfs_symlink(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry,
			    const char *symname)
{
	int rc;
	struct dentry *lower_dentry;
	struct dentry *lower_dir_dentry;
	char *encoded_symname;
	size_t encoded_symlen;
	struct ecryptfs_mount_crypt_stat *mount_crypt_stat = NULL;

	lower_dentry = ecryptfs_dentry_to_lower(dentry);
	dget(lower_dentry);
	lower_dir_dentry = lock_parent(lower_dentry);
	mount_crypt_stat = &ecryptfs_superblock_to_private(
		dir->i_sb)->mount_crypt_stat;
	rc = ecryptfs_encrypt_and_encode_filename(&encoded_symname,
						  &encoded_symlen,
						  NULL,
						  mount_crypt_stat, symname,
						  strlen(symname));
	if (rc)
		goto out_lock;
	rc = vfs_symlink(d_inode(lower_dir_dentry), lower_dentry,
			 encoded_symname);
	kfree(encoded_symname);
	if (rc || d_really_is_negative(lower_dentry))
		goto out_lock;
	rc = ecryptfs_interpose(lower_dentry, dentry, dir->i_sb);
	if (rc)
		goto out_lock;
	fsstack_copy_attr_times(dir, d_inode(lower_dir_dentry));
	fsstack_copy_inode_size(dir, d_inode(lower_dir_dentry));
out_lock:
	unlock_dir(lower_dir_dentry);
	dput(lower_dentry);
	if (d_really_is_negative(dentry))
		d_drop(dentry);
	return rc;
}

static int ecryptfs_mkdir(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry, umode_t mode)
{
	int rc;
	struct dentry *lower_dentry;
	struct dentry *lower_dir_dentry;

	lower_dentry = ecryptfs_dentry_to_lower(dentry);
	lower_dir_dentry = lock_parent(lower_dentry);
	rc = vfs_mkdir(d_inode(lower_dir_dentry), lower_dentry, mode);
	if (rc || d_really_is_negative(lower_dentry))
		goto out;
	rc = ecryptfs_interpose(lower_dentry, dentry, dir->i_sb);
	if (rc)
		goto out;
	fsstack_copy_attr_times(dir, d_inode(lower_dir_dentry));
	fsstack_copy_inode_size(dir, d_inode(lower_dir_dentry));
	set_nlink(dir, d_inode(lower_dir_dentry)->i_nlink);
out:
	unlock_dir(lower_dir_dentry);
	if (d_really_is_negative(dentry))
		d_drop(dentry);
	return rc;
}

static int ecryptfs_rmdir(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry)
{
	struct dentry *lower_dentry;
	struct dentry *lower_dir_dentry;
	int rc;

	lower_dentry = ecryptfs_dentry_to_lower(dentry);
	dget(dentry);
	lower_dir_dentry = lock_parent(lower_dentry);
	dget(lower_dentry);
	rc = vfs_rmdir(d_inode(lower_dir_dentry), lower_dentry);
	dput(lower_dentry);
	if (!rc && d_really_is_positive(dentry))
		clear_nlink(d_inode(dentry));
	fsstack_copy_attr_times(dir, d_inode(lower_dir_dentry));
	set_nlink(dir, d_inode(lower_dir_dentry)->i_nlink);
	unlock_dir(lower_dir_dentry);
	if (!rc)
		d_drop(dentry);
	dput(dentry);
	return rc;
}

static int
ecryptfs_mknod(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry, umode_t mode, dev_t dev)
{
	int rc;
	struct dentry *lower_dentry;
	struct dentry *lower_dir_dentry;

	lower_dentry = ecryptfs_dentry_to_lower(dentry);
	lower_dir_dentry = lock_parent(lower_dentry);
	rc = vfs_mknod(d_inode(lower_dir_dentry), lower_dentry, mode, dev);
	if (rc || d_really_is_negative(lower_dentry))
		goto out;
	rc = ecryptfs_interpose(lower_dentry, dentry, dir->i_sb);
	if (rc)
		goto out;
	fsstack_copy_attr_times(dir, d_inode(lower_dir_dentry));
	fsstack_copy_inode_size(dir, d_inode(lower_dir_dentry));
out:
	unlock_dir(lower_dir_dentry);
	if (d_really_is_negative(dentry))
		d_drop(dentry);
	return rc;
}

static int
ecryptfs_rename(struct inode *old_dir, struct dentry *old_dentry,
		struct inode *new_dir, struct dentry *new_dentry)
{
	int rc;
	struct dentry *lower_old_dentry;
	struct dentry *lower_new_dentry;
	struct dentry *lower_old_dir_dentry;
	struct dentry *lower_new_dir_dentry;
	struct dentry *trap = NULL;
	struct inode *target_inode;

	lower_old_dentry = ecryptfs_dentry_to_lower(old_dentry);
	lower_new_dentry = ecryptfs_dentry_to_lower(new_dentry);
	dget(lower_old_dentry);
	dget(lower_new_dentry);
	lower_old_dir_dentry = dget_parent(lower_old_dentry);
	lower_new_dir_dentry = dget_parent(lower_new_dentry);
	target_inode = d_inode(new_dentry);
	trap = lock_rename(lower_old_dir_dentry, lower_new_dir_dentry);
	/* source should not be ancestor of target */
	if (trap == lower_old_dentry) {
		rc = -EINVAL;
		goto out_lock;
	}
	/* target should not be ancestor of source */
	if (trap == lower_new_dentry) {
		rc = -ENOTEMPTY;
		goto out_lock;
	}
	rc = vfs_rename(d_inode(lower_old_dir_dentry), lower_old_dentry,
			d_inode(lower_new_dir_dentry), lower_new_dentry,
			NULL, 0);
	if (rc)
		goto out_lock;
	if (target_inode)
		fsstack_copy_attr_all(target_inode,
				      ecryptfs_inode_to_lower(target_inode));
	fsstack_copy_attr_all(new_dir, d_inode(lower_new_dir_dentry));
	if (new_dir != old_dir)
		fsstack_copy_attr_all(old_dir, d_inode(lower_old_dir_dentry));
out_lock:
	unlock_rename(lower_old_dir_dentry, lower_new_dir_dentry);
	dput(lower_new_dir_dentry);
	dput(lower_old_dir_dentry);
	dput(lower_new_dentry);
	dput(lower_old_dentry);
	return rc;
}

static char *ecryptfs_readlink_lower(struct dentry *dentry, size_t *bufsiz)
{
	struct dentry *lower_dentry = ecryptfs_dentry_to_lower(dentry);
	char *lower_buf;
	char *buf;
	mm_segment_t old_fs;
	int rc;

	lower_buf = kmalloc(PATH_MAX, GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!lower_buf)
		return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
	old_fs = get_fs();
	set_fs(get_ds());
	rc = d_inode(lower_dentry)->i_op->readlink(lower_dentry,
						   (char __user *)lower_buf,
						   PATH_MAX);
	set_fs(old_fs);
	if (rc < 0)
		goto out;
	rc = ecryptfs_decode_and_decrypt_filename(&buf, bufsiz, dentry->d_sb,
						  lower_buf, rc);
out:
	kfree(lower_buf);
	return rc ? ERR_PTR(rc) : buf;
}

static const char *ecryptfs_get_link(struct dentry *dentry,
				     struct inode *inode, void **cookie)
{
	size_t len;
	char *buf;

	if (!dentry)
		return ERR_PTR(-ECHILD);

	buf = ecryptfs_readlink_lower(dentry, &len);
	if (IS_ERR(buf))
		return buf;
	fsstack_copy_attr_atime(d_inode(dentry),
				d_inode(ecryptfs_dentry_to_lower(dentry)));
	buf[len] = '\0';
	return *cookie = buf;
}

/**
 * upper_size_to_lower_size
 * @crypt_stat: Crypt_stat associated with file
 * @upper_size: Size of the upper file
 *
 * Calculate the required size of the lower file based on the
 * specified size of the upper file. This calculation is based on the
 * number of headers in the underlying file and the extent size.
 *
 * Returns Calculated size of the lower file.
 */
static loff_t
upper_size_to_lower_size(struct ecryptfs_crypt_stat *crypt_stat,
			 loff_t upper_size)
{
	loff_t lower_size;

	lower_size = ecryptfs_lower_header_size(crypt_stat);
	if (upper_size != 0) {
		loff_t num_extents;

		num_extents = upper_size >> crypt_stat->extent_shift;
		if (upper_size & ~crypt_stat->extent_mask)
			num_extents++;
		lower_size += (num_extents * crypt_stat->extent_size);
	}
	return lower_size;
}

/**
 * truncate_upper
 * @dentry: The ecryptfs layer dentry
 * @ia: Address of the ecryptfs inode's attributes
 * @lower_ia: Address of the lower inode's attributes
 *
 * Function to handle truncations modifying the size of the file. Note
 * that the file sizes are interpolated. When expanding, we are simply
 * writing strings of 0's out. When truncating, we truncate the upper
 * inode and update the lower_ia according to the page index
 * interpolations. If ATTR_SIZE is set in lower_ia->ia_valid upon return,
 * the caller must use lower_ia in a call to notify_change() to perform
 * the truncation of the lower inode.
 *
 * Returns zero on success; non-zero otherwise
 */
static int truncate_upper(struct dentry *dentry, struct iattr *ia,
			  struct iattr *lower_ia)
{
	int rc = 0;
	struct inode *inode = d_inode(dentry);
	struct ecryptfs_crypt_stat *crypt_stat;
	loff_t i_size = i_size_read(inode);
	loff_t lower_size_before_truncate;
	loff_t lower_size_after_truncate;

	if (unlikely((ia->ia_size == i_size))) {
		lower_ia->ia_valid &= ~ATTR_SIZE;
		return 0;
	}
	rc = ecryptfs_get_lower_file(dentry, inode);
	if (rc)
		return rc;
	crypt_stat = &ecryptfs_inode_to_private(d_inode(dentry))->crypt_stat;
	/* Switch on growing or shrinking file */
	if (ia->ia_size > i_size) {
		char zero[] = { 0x00 };

		lower_ia->ia_valid &= ~ATTR_SIZE;
		/* Write a single 0 at the last position of the file;
		 * this triggers code that will fill in 0's throughout
		 * the intermediate portion of the previous end of the
		 * file and the new and of the file */
		rc = ecryptfs_write(inode, zero,
				    (ia->ia_size - 1), 1);
	} else { /* ia->ia_size < i_size_read(inode) */
		/* We're chopping off all the pages down to the page
		 * in which ia->ia_size is located. Fill in the end of
		 * that page from (ia->ia_size & ~PAGE_CACHE_MASK) to
		 * PAGE_CACHE_SIZE with zeros. */
		size_t num_zeros = (PAGE_CACHE_SIZE
				    - (ia->ia_size & ~PAGE_CACHE_MASK));

		if (!(crypt_stat->flags & ECRYPTFS_ENCRYPTED)) {
			truncate_setsize(inode, ia->ia_size);
			lower_ia->ia_size = ia->ia_size;
			lower_ia->ia_valid |= ATTR_SIZE;
			goto out;
		}
		if (num_zeros) {
			char *zeros_virt;

			zeros_virt = kzalloc(num_zeros, GFP_KERNEL);
			if (!zeros_virt) {
				rc = -ENOMEM;
				goto out;
			}
			rc = ecryptfs_write(inode, zeros_virt,
					    ia->ia_size, num_zeros);
			kfree(zeros_virt);
			if (rc) {
				printk(KERN_ERR "Error attempting to zero out "
				       "the remainder of the end page on "
				       "reducing truncate; rc = [%d]\n", rc);
				goto out;
			}
		}
		truncate_setsize(inode, ia->ia_size);
		rc = ecryptfs_write_inode_size_to_metadata(inode);
		if (rc) {
			printk(KERN_ERR	"Problem with "
			       "ecryptfs_write_inode_size_to_metadata; "
			       "rc = [%d]\n", rc);
			goto out;
		}
		/* We are reducing the size of the ecryptfs file, and need to
		 * know if we need to reduce the size of the lower file. */
		lower_size_before_truncate =
		    upper_size_to_lower_size(crypt_stat, i_size);
		lower_size_after_truncate =
		    upper_size_to_lower_size(crypt_stat, ia->ia_size);
		if (lower_size_after_truncate < lower_size_before_truncate) {
			lower_ia->ia_size = lower_size_after_truncate;
			lower_ia->ia_valid |= ATTR_SIZE;
		} else
			lower_ia->ia_valid &= ~ATTR_SIZE;
	}
out:
	ecryptfs_put_lower_file(inode);
	return rc;
}

static int ecryptfs_inode_newsize_ok(struct inode *inode, loff_t offset)
{
	struct ecryptfs_crypt_stat *crypt_stat;
	loff_t lower_oldsize, lower_newsize;

	crypt_stat = &ecryptfs_inode_to_private(inode)->crypt_stat;
	lower_oldsize = upper_size_to_lower_size(crypt_stat,
						 i_size_read(inode));
	lower_newsize = upper_size_to_lower_size(crypt_stat, offset);
	if (lower_newsize > lower_oldsize) {
		/*
		 * The eCryptfs inode and the new *lower* size are mixed here
		 * because we may not have the lower i_mutex held and/or it may
		 * not be appropriate to call inode_newsize_ok() with inodes
		 * from other filesystems.
		 */
		return inode_newsize_ok(inode, lower_newsize);
	}

	return 0;
}

/**
 * ecryptfs_truncate
 * @dentry: The ecryptfs layer dentry
 * @new_length: The length to expand the file to
 *
 * Simple function that handles the truncation of an eCryptfs inode and
 * its corresponding lower inode.
 *
 * Returns zero on success; non-zero otherwise
 */
int ecryptfs_truncate(struct dentry *dentry, loff_t new_length)
{
	struct iattr ia = { .ia_valid = ATTR_SIZE, .ia_size = new_length };
	struct iattr lower_ia = { .ia_valid = 0 };
	int rc;

	rc = ecryptfs_inode_newsize_ok(d_inode(dentry), new_length);
	if (rc)
		return rc;

	rc = truncate_upper(dentry, &ia, &lower_ia);
	if (!rc && lower_ia.ia_valid & ATTR_SIZE) {
		struct dentry *lower_dentry = ecryptfs_dentry_to_lower(dentry);

		mutex_lock(&d_inode(lower_dentry)->i_mutex);
		rc = notify_change(lower_dentry, &lower_ia, NULL);
		mutex_unlock(&d_inode(lower_dentry)->i_mutex);
	}
	return rc;
}

static int
ecryptfs_permission(struct inode *inode, int mask)
{
	return inode_permission(ecryptfs_inode_to_lower(inode), mask);
}

/**
 * ecryptfs_setattr
 * @dentry: dentry handle to the inode to modify
 * @ia: Structure with flags of what to change and values
 *
 * Updates the metadata of an inode. If the update is to the size
 * i.e. truncation, then ecryptfs_truncate will handle the size modification
 * of both the ecryptfs inode and the lower inode.
 *
 * All other metadata changes will be passed right to the lower filesystem,
 * and we will just update our inode to look like the lower.
 */
static int ecryptfs_setattr(struct dentry *dentry, struct iattr *ia)
{
	int rc = 0;
	struct dentry *lower_dentry;
	struct iattr lower_ia;
	struct inode *inode;
	struct inode *lower_inode;
	struct ecryptfs_crypt_stat *crypt_stat;

	crypt_stat = &ecryptfs_inode_to_private(d_inode(dentry))->crypt_stat;
	if (!(crypt_stat->flags & ECRYPTFS_STRUCT_INITIALIZED))
		ecryptfs_init_crypt_stat(crypt_stat);
	inode = d_inode(dentry);
	lower_inode = ecryptfs_inode_to_lower(inode);
	lower_dentry = ecryptfs_dentry_to_lower(dentry);
	mutex_lock(&crypt_stat->cs_mutex);
	if (d_is_dir(dentry))
		crypt_stat->flags &= ~(ECRYPTFS_ENCRYPTED);
	else if (d_is_reg(dentry)
		 && (!(crypt_stat->flags & ECRYPTFS_POLICY_APPLIED)
		     || !(crypt_stat->flags & ECRYPTFS_KEY_VALID))) {
		struct ecryptfs_mount_crypt_stat *mount_crypt_stat;

		mount_crypt_stat = &ecryptfs_superblock_to_private(
			dentry->d_sb)->mount_crypt_stat;
		rc = ecryptfs_get_lower_file(dentry, inode);
		if (rc) {
			mutex_unlock(&crypt_stat->cs_mutex);
			goto out;
		}
		rc = ecryptfs_read_metadata(dentry);
		ecryptfs_put_lower_file(inode);
		if (rc) {
			if (!(mount_crypt_stat->flags
			      & ECRYPTFS_PLAINTEXT_PASSTHROUGH_ENABLED)) {
				rc = -EIO;
				printk(KERN_WARNING "Either the lower file "
				       "is not in a valid eCryptfs format, "
				       "or the key could not be retrieved. "
				       "Plaintext passthrough mode is not "
				       "enabled; returning -EIO\n");
				mutex_unlock(&crypt_stat->cs_mutex);
				goto out;
			}
			rc = 0;
			crypt_stat->flags &= ~(ECRYPTFS_I_SIZE_INITIALIZED
					       | ECRYPTFS_ENCRYPTED);
		}
	}
	mutex_unlock(&crypt_stat->cs_mutex);

	rc = inode_change_ok(inode, ia);
	if (rc)
		goto out;
	if (ia->ia_valid & ATTR_SIZE) {
		rc = ecryptfs_inode_newsize_ok(inode, ia->ia_size);
		if (rc)
			goto out;
	}

	memcpy(&lower_ia, ia, sizeof(lower_ia));
	if (ia->ia_valid & ATTR_FILE)
		lower_ia.ia_file = ecryptfs_file_to_lower(ia->ia_file);
	if (ia->ia_valid & ATTR_SIZE) {
		rc = truncate_upper(dentry, ia, &lower_ia);
		if (rc < 0)
			goto out;
	}

	/*
	 * mode change is for clearing setuid/setgid bits. Allow lower fs
	 * to interpret this in its own way.
	 */
	if (lower_ia.ia_valid & (ATTR_KILL_SUID | ATTR_KILL_SGID))
		lower_ia.ia_valid &= ~ATTR_MODE;

	mutex_lock(&d_inode(lower_dentry)->i_mutex);
	rc = notify_change(lower_dentry, &lower_ia, NULL);
	mutex_unlock(&d_inode(lower_dentry)->i_mutex);
out:
	fsstack_copy_attr_all(inode, lower_inode);
	return rc;
}

static int ecryptfs_getattr_link(struct vfsmount *mnt, struct dentry *dentry,
				 struct kstat *stat)
{
	struct ecryptfs_mount_crypt_stat *mount_crypt_stat;
	int rc = 0;

	mount_crypt_stat = &ecryptfs_superblock_to_private(
						dentry->d_sb)->mount_crypt_stat;
	generic_fillattr(d_inode(dentry), stat);
	if (mount_crypt_stat->flags & ECRYPTFS_GLOBAL_ENCRYPT_FILENAMES) {
		char *target;
		size_t targetsiz;

		target = ecryptfs_readlink_lower(dentry, &targetsiz);
		if (!IS_ERR(target)) {
			kfree(target);
			stat->size = targetsiz;
		} else {
			rc = PTR_ERR(target);
		}
	}
	return rc;
}

static int ecryptfs_getattr(struct vfsmount *mnt, struct dentry *dentry,
			    struct kstat *stat)
{
	struct kstat lower_stat;
	int rc;

	rc = vfs_getattr(ecryptfs_dentry_to_lower_path(dentry), &lower_stat);
	if (!rc) {
		fsstack_copy_attr_all(d_inode(dentry),
				      ecryptfs_inode_to_lower(d_inode(dentry)));
		generic_fillattr(d_inode(dentry), stat);
		stat->blocks = lower_stat.blocks;
	}
	return rc;
}

int
ecryptfs_setxattr(struct dentry *dentry, const char *name, const void *value,
		  size_t size, int flags)
{
	int rc = 0;
	struct dentry *lower_dentry;

	lower_dentry = ecryptfs_dentry_to_lower(dentry);
	if (!d_inode(lower_dentry)->i_op->setxattr) {
		rc = -EOPNOTSUPP;
		goto out;
	}

	rc = vfs_setxattr(lower_dentry, name, value, size, flags);
	if (!rc && d_really_is_positive(dentry))
		fsstack_copy_attr_all(d_inode(dentry), d_inode(lower_dentry));
out:
	return rc;
}

ssize_t
ecryptfs_getxattr_lower(struct dentry *lower_dentry, const char *name,
			void *value, size_t size)
{
	int rc = 0;

	if (!d_inode(lower_dentry)->i_op->getxattr) {
		rc = -EOPNOTSUPP;
		goto out;
	}
	mutex_lock(&d_inode(lower_dentry)->i_mutex);
	rc = d_inode(lower_dentry)->i_op->getxattr(lower_dentry, name, value,
						   size);
	mutex_unlock(&d_inode(lower_dentry)->i_mutex);
out:
	return rc;
}

static ssize_t
ecryptfs_getxattr(struct dentry *dentry, const char *name, void *value,
		  size_t size)
{
	return ecryptfs_getxattr_lower(ecryptfs_dentry_to_lower(dentry), name,
				       value, size);
}

static ssize_t
ecryptfs_listxattr(struct dentry *dentry, char *list, size_t size)
{
	int rc = 0;
	struct dentry *lower_dentry;

	lower_dentry = ecryptfs_dentry_to_lower(dentry);
	if (!d_inode(lower_dentry)->i_op->listxattr) {
		rc = -EOPNOTSUPP;
		goto out;
	}
	mutex_lock(&d_inode(lower_dentry)->i_mutex);
	rc = d_inode(lower_dentry)->i_op->listxattr(lower_dentry, list, size);
	mutex_unlock(&d_inode(lower_dentry)->i_mutex);
out:
	return rc;
}

static int ecryptfs_removexattr(struct dentry *dentry, const char *name)
{
	int rc = 0;
	struct dentry *lower_dentry;

	lower_dentry = ecryptfs_dentry_to_lower(dentry);
	if (!d_inode(lower_dentry)->i_op->removexattr) {
		rc = -EOPNOTSUPP;
		goto out;
	}
	mutex_lock(&d_inode(lower_dentry)->i_mutex);
	rc = d_inode(lower_dentry)->i_op->removexattr(lower_dentry, name);
	mutex_unlock(&d_inode(lower_dentry)->i_mutex);
out:
	return rc;
}

const struct inode_operations ecryptfs_symlink_iops = {
	.readlink = generic_readlink,
	.get_link = ecryptfs_get_link,
	.put_link = kfree_put_link,
	.permission = ecryptfs_permission,
	.setattr = ecryptfs_setattr,
	.getattr = ecryptfs_getattr_link,
	.setxattr = ecryptfs_setxattr,
	.getxattr = ecryptfs_getxattr,
	.listxattr = ecryptfs_listxattr,
	.removexattr = ecryptfs_removexattr
};

const struct inode_operations ecryptfs_dir_iops = {
	.create = ecryptfs_create,
	.lookup = ecryptfs_lookup,
	.link = ecryptfs_link,
	.unlink = ecryptfs_unlink,
	.symlink = ecryptfs_symlink,
	.mkdir = ecryptfs_mkdir,
	.rmdir = ecryptfs_rmdir,
	.mknod = ecryptfs_mknod,
	.rename = ecryptfs_rename,
	.permission = ecryptfs_permission,
	.setattr = ecryptfs_setattr,
	.setxattr = ecryptfs_setxattr,
	.getxattr = ecryptfs_getxattr,
	.listxattr = ecryptfs_listxattr,
	.removexattr = ecryptfs_removexattr
};

const struct inode_operations ecryptfs_main_iops = {
	.permission = ecryptfs_permission,
	.setattr = ecryptfs_setattr,
	.getattr = ecryptfs_getattr,
	.setxattr = ecryptfs_setxattr,
	.getxattr = ecryptfs_getxattr,
	.listxattr = ecryptfs_listxattr,
	.removexattr = ecryptfs_removexattr
};